1
2
  -2023
/ 5 

(       )
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.               
2.               
 -
3.                  ?
4.           
 -
5.        ?  
2
2
6.             ?  
 -
7.         
8.              ?
3
2
  -2023
/ 5 

(       )
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.               
:        ,       
                 , 
      ,           
                  , 
           
         ,      
,           
1.   ?
   " "              
   ""       ""  ""    "",
      "  "       
             ,   , 
    
        :
   ?
       ?
4
2
     ?
    ,                
 
2.      
      ,  ""      
             ,     
     ,   ,          
 ?
    :
       ?  , ""   
     ,  ""         
 
           ?   
 ""        ,       ,
              
    -               ,  
   ,       
3.   :   ?
                
""       ?    ,     ? 
               ?
     :
:               ,
      ,       
:            
                
     ,         ,  
 
               
                 
,              
 ,           
5
2
4.  -    
 -                
           ,      
     
     :
        ?          
,               
                
        
    ?         ,   
      ?   (     
 )    (        )     
  ,          ,   
         
          ,        , 
           
5.    
                  
       ,              ?
   :
        ,        
    ?
             ,      
 ?           ,    
              
                  
 ,            
6.   
               ?   
          ,          
  ?
6
2
   :
     ?            
      ,  ,    
 ,     ,       
          ?   ,   
    ,     ,         
       ?
               
        ,          

7.    
                  
        ,       
:
    ?      ,       
?
           ?      
   ,             
                 
 
                 ,
       ,         
      
8.    
             
  -        , ""   
 -  (  ,     )    
               ,   , 

  :      ""     
           , ""      
      
7
2
  :             
           ,     
    
     ,       ,    
        

     ,           
     , ,        
  ,                 
   ,               
                  
     
2.               
:        ,       
                 , 
      ,           
                  , 
           
         ,      
,           
1.   ?
   " "              
   ""       ""  ""    "",
      "  "       
             ,   , 
    
        :
   ?
       ?
     ?
8
2
    ,                
 
2.      
      ,  ""      
             ,     
     ,   ,          
 ?
    :
       ?  , ""   
     ,  ""         
 
           ?   
 ""        ,       ,
              
    -               ,  
   ,       
3.   :   ?
                
""       ?    ,     ? 
               ?
     :
 :              
           
 :          
                
      ,         ,
   
               
                 
,              
 ,           
9
2
4.  -    
 -                
           ,      
     
     :
        ?          
,               
                
        
    ?         ,   
      ?   (     
 )    (        )     
  ,          ,   
         
          ,        , 
           
5.    
                  
       ,              ?
   :
        ,        
    ?
             ,      
 ?           ,    
              
                  
 ,            
6.   
               ?   
          ,          
  ?
10
2
   :
     ?            
      ,  ,    
 ,     ,       
          ?   ,   
    ,     ,         
       ?
               
        ,          

7.    
                  
        ,       
:
    ?      ,       
?
           ?      
   ,             
                 
 
                 ,
       ,         
      
8.    
             
  -        , ""   
 -  (  ,     )    
               ,   , 

:      ""     
           , ""      
      
11
2
:             
           ,     
    
     ,       ,    
        

     ,           
     , ,        
  ,                 
   ,               
                  
     
 -
3.                  ?
::       
        ,          
                  
    ,        -      ,
 ,      
      
   -            :
1.   :             
  ,         ,  
,  
2.     ,        
        ,        
     
3.   :          ,  
        ,      
      
12
2
        
                
  ,              
1.    
             ,  
                 
 ,         
   ,          
            ,   (  
 )   (    )
  ,   ,       
   ,             
2.    
 ,       ,       
 ,               
         
  ,             
              
         
 ,  ,     ,        
             ,    
 
3.    
,         ,    
          -  ,    
  :
   :        ,       
  ?   ,    (     
)    (   )     ?
                ,
      
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2
4.      
              
        
             ,  
     ,            ,
           ,    
    - 
   ,    ,     
             
 ,       ,     
   
5.   
              
     ,          (  )   
,              
  -         
6.      -  
             
          ( )   
(  )     
             
             ""
             
7.   
                
        - ,    
     ,       
,     ,  ,    -   
               
 
      
      ,        
 :
14
2
1.       ( )    
            
   ,  ,        
      ,       "" 
               
  
2.          
          ,    
       ?      
     ,          
3.      ,      
 ,           ""  
  ,           ?

  ,           
            
            ,     
        ,    
    ,            
   
,          ,    
               
     ,           
  ,      ,     
  
4.           
:    (   )
               
,   (    )   , -    
 ,         -  ,    
 ,                ,
15
2
      ,         
  
  ?
            ,   
,                 
   ,       , ,  
             
 ,          ,    
  -    ,    , ,   
 ,                
   
      
               
 :
1.    
                
,          -    
   , , ,          
  ,             ( 
,  ,   ),  , -    
  ,     ,   (   )  ,
   (    )   ,        
       -  
2.    
     ,            ,
        ,       
    - ,          
-    ,           
,                ,  
 , ,        
  ,    ,           
,               
     -         
  
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2
3. - 
     - ,        
              ,   
              (  
)           
  ,      ,   ,     
                  
      -          
 
4.        
              
 -      ,    - -  
     ,        -    
  
  ,    ,       
       ,       -
             
5.       
               
   ,            
                
               
  ,  ,        ,  
      ,       ,   
      
6. -  
       ,     - 
           " -"      
,  "-"              -
    -    
  ,   , -       
            ,      
              
,          
17
2
   
           ,        :
1.    
                -
        ,         
  ,            -
 (   )             
 ,            (,  
)
2.     
 ,                
 ,     , ,     
               ,  
             
3.     
           ,     
           ,    
     ,       ,   -
 -      ,            

4.     
               - 
  ,               
                  
 ,                

   
             ,   
      :
  :            , 
         ,  -  - 
    
  :             
             
18
2
       ,      
   ,            
  

 ,            ,
  -             
               , -
     -    ,     
           
            ,       , 
     ,     ,   
               
   ,           
         
 -
5.        ?   
:       
                 
         ,           
            
1.      
                
          -    , , , 
     ,           
(          !)    ,    
     
19
2
     :         ,   ,    
          ,       
 
2.      (   )
   ,         (  "
"   )          ,       
,      -    ,       
            ,    
          ,         

  ,               
  ; ,              
   
3.       
 " "       -     
         ,      
        (     )  
,              
 ,          ,      
    ,         ,  
    ""  ""    
4.   
        ,        
              
,          ,         
     -     
,          ,     
              
      ,           - 
         
5.       
             
,          -      
                 ,
        
20
2
  ,          ,      
  -       (  ,    )
    ,         100°C  
6.    
                
                  
  -         ,    
        
  ,            ,    
        ,           
   ,        ,       
      -           

7.       
           ,        
                
        
  ,  "    ?"         
          ,        
                 
    
    
  :            
        " "       
             
      ,           
       
                 
                 
        ,       ,  
   ,              
-      ,            
    ""  
               
             
21
2
   ""    ,       
      ,            
       -     ,      
,                  
            ,      
    100%    
    
,           ,  
  ,               
 ,                
        -         
       ;           
     :   
          ,       
              ,    
   ,      ,      
     
             
               
    ,    ,       


 ,              
               , 
   ,             ,  
          ,    
               
 ,           
22
2
6.              ?  
:          
 ,      ,    ,       
    ,   ,          
       "  "  " "     
 ,          ,   
               
1.   ?
                   
 ,              -- 
       ,         
         ,         
;     
                  
       ,       ,     

2.        
           
)   
                 
          ,     
    ",  " ("  ,   ")      
          ,       
        
               
   ,           - 
)  
 ,             
            -    ,  ,   ,
             ,    
        ,        
           
23
2
)   
               
      ,          
         ,      
                  
          ,       
3.        
                
) - 
                   - 
     ,  "     "    
        ,          
      ,           
    -              
  
) - 
 - ,              
        ,           
                   
      
)   
 ,             
   ,              
       ,  "2+2=4."     
 2         ;     
d)   
                 
     ,              
,         ,     
  ,            ,     
           
24
2
4.      
             ,   
     
) 
               
    ,           ,   
           ,       
              
        
)     
                   ,
            ,     
  ,       ,      
   
)     
              -  
         ,      
          ,       
    
d)    
   ,            
           ,      
                  
 
5.       
  ,        ,    
     ,   ,           
              
    
   ,       ,     (
              ),    
                
    
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2
6.     
                 
                 ,
                 
              ,   
     
7. 
   ,              
  ,            
       ,  ,   ,   
  
   ,           
           ,    
    ,        ,   
     ,        
 ,      ,            ,
  -              
             
 -
7.         
::   
       ,      
             ,    
      ,            19
 20     ,        ,   
         
            
1.       
     ,     -      
          ()      ; 
26
2
,                  
    :
           
                
   
  ,           
      ,    ,       
 
2.    
                  
                
       ,         
 ,     :
       
        
       
                 
       ( ,   )    
         
3. 
""              
   ,             ,
          ,     
      
       :
         
,    -    ,     
  
 ,   ,        ,   
             ,       
              ,   
27
2
                
        ,         
    ,      
4.   
                
      ,   ,      
      
  :
       ,       
       
             ,  
     ,       
                
              
  
5.    
         ,     (
"")                    
                ,
      
 ,                  
         ,     -   
               , 
               
    
  ,                
  ,         - ,    ,
   ,           
      
6.    
               
        ,     
              , 
                 
28
2
    :
         
  ,            
  ,         ,    
       ,       
   ,      
7.  
                
              ,  ,
             , 
               
                
  :
                
                 
 
           , "   ?"  "    
?"   ,     -   ;     
      
8.   
            ,  
       ,           
              
     
 
:
  ,          
             
     
                
               ,   
           
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2
    
     :
- :             ,
"     "       "   
 ",             
     
 :             ,
"   ,"             
      
 :              ,
     " "  "   "    
               
 :   ""       
 ,               
   

      ,           
,       ,           ,   
        ,        
-              
8.              ?
::     
      19         ,
     ,            
 ,            
         ,      
               
 
           :     ?
        ,      , 
     
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2
1.         
              :
)     
             ,     
                
   ,            
                
         ,       , 
          
            ,  
            ,   
   (   )    ,     
            ,    
      ,          
      
)              
               
                  
,             
 :             
,                
               
       ,     
)       
  ,   ,         
            ,    
                  
    
  ,          
    ,          ,    
        
d)             
                  
       ,            
31
2
           -    
      
                 
      ,      
               
 ,            
)     
  ,       ,      
         ,      
            , 
   
 :           ,   
                
               
           
2.       
a)     (1839-1914)
           
  ,            ,  
       ,       
   ,             
 :          ""     ,
                 
      ""   
)   (1842-1910)
              
                    
    -                 
                 
    ,                
  
           ,    
   ,             ,   
       
32
2
)   (1859-1952)
        ,        
            -   
             ,   
              
        
 :       ,    
               
       
3.          
             
,               
              
)      
  ,          
              
     
 :   ,             ,
    ,     -     ,  
    
)        
                
                
                
 :   ,          
,     -       
    
)    
             
                
,   ,           
     
33
2
 :             
         ,  
      
4.     
       ,        
                   
 ,               
              
   
)   
                -  
                  
  ,                
 
              
   ,          
)    
              
               
      ,        
5  
        ,     
                ,
             
            
    , ,    -      ,
           
     ,           
              ,    
              

:              ( )       
         ,              